History+and+Content

**Web 2.0 History and Definitions **   The Fall of 2001 marked a turning point for the web when the dot-com bubble collapsed according to Tim O’ Reilly, CEO of O’Reilly Media. O’ Reilly Media’s VP Dale Dougherty was given credit for inventing the concept of Web 2.0 during a conference brain storming session indicating that the web was now more important than ever. In 2004 the Web 2.0 conference was held, and the term was popularized. (O’Reilly, 2005). Web 2.0 actually has many definitions, is many different things to many people, and has been a transforming concept in recent years. It has become a buzzword for the marketing of software services and products. Web 2.0 has been said simply to be an extension of Web 1.0 in that much web technology did not develop at the pace which was originally expected. (O’Reilly, 2005). It is a term that has been applied to describe a set of applications that adhere to certain current design principles.

The Web 1.0 is thought of as the read web, while the Web 2.0 has been thought of as the read/write web. The terms used to describe it have included the two way web versus the one way web of the past. During the Web 1.0 era users published to the web by using HTML programming language. The users that created the content were those with knowledge of HTML or access to this knowledge such as businesses and government entities (McLeod & Vasinda, 2008). Web 2.0 is a democratic concept since anyone with the desire to produce content can do so through the use of blogs, wikis, podcasts, videos and other tools. Blogs and wikis facilitate the production of group work and collaboration while producing instant publishing.

"Many Web 2.0 tools, such as wikis, blogs, weblogs, Flickr, LibraryThing and others allow users to transform individual activities - such as idea mapping, calendars, journals, notetaking, writing, photo albums and more-into social sharing activities by facilitating the creation of Internet-based communities with a common purpose. Many Web 2.0 tools have three unique features that are helpful in facilitating social sharing:

 With the increase social interactivity that a Web 2.0 envoirnment provides, information and experiences can be shared and published in many ways." according to Rosen & Nelson (2008). Below is a continuum of Web 1.0 tools to Web 2.0 collaborative techologies (Rosen & Nelson, 2008):   media type="youtube" key="Hhsr8-RqaEg" height="344" width="425"
 * 1) user-initiated publishing of information
 * 2) social-sharing options with privacy controls (one to one to small controlled groups to large scale sharing)
 * 3) social networking options with the possibility of building Internet-based community around specific topics

**Design Patterns and Technology **   The design principles and key points widely considered to be Web 2.0 according to Tim O’Reilly of O’Reilly Publishing and Paul Anderson of JISC Technology & Standards watch include the following:

· Openness and lightweight programming models · Using the web as a platform · Architecture of participation, individual production and user generated content · Harnessing collective intelligence and the power of crowds which make for a more socially connected web · Web 2.0 includes a spirit of open innovation which includes use of free data, working with open standards, and using open source software · Rich user experience · Software above the level of a single device · Data on an epic scale · End of software release cycle · Network effects <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 110%;"> media type="youtube" key="CQibri7gpLM" height="344" width="425"
 * ~ <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">Web 1.0 ||~ <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;"> ||~ <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Web 2.0 ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">DoubleClick ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">--> ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Google AdSense ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">Ofoto ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">--> ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Flickr ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">Akamai ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">--> ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">BitTorrent ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">mp3.com ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">--> ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Napster ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">Britannica Online ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">--> ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">Wikipedia ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">personal websites ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">--> ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">blogging ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">evite ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">--> ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">upcoming.org and EVDB ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">domain name speculation ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">--> ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">search engine optimization ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">page views ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">--> ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">cost per click ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">screen scraping ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">--> ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">web services ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">publishing ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">--> ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">participation ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">content management systems ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">--> ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">wikis ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">directories (taxonomy) ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">--> ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">tagging ("folksonomy") ||
 * = <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 100%;">stickiness ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">--> ||= <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 90%;">syndication ||

<span style="font-size: 110%; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Content of Web 2.0 ** <span style="line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">Many software applications run on the user’s machine by a desktop operating system like Windows or MacOs. The web is now being used as a platform to run software similar to operating systems. The development of Rich Internet Applications (RIA) has enabled browser technology to run software services while communicating with the network and remote servers (Anderson, 2007). The main technology used for RIAs is Ajax but others also exist. Ajax is actually a group of technologies including HTML/XHTML, CSS, Document Object Model, XML, XSLT, and JavaScript or ECMA script. Ajax works with small amounts of information being sent to the server once the webpage has been loaded which allows dynamic reloading creating richer applications which are closer to desk top applications (Anderson, 2007). This eliminates the frustration of HTML based websites which involves waiting for pages to reload and refresh. Lightweight programming models using REST (representational state transfer) architecture provide simple interfaces using XML and HTTP which use few command requests to create loosely coupled systems which allow flexibility and ease of change from more end points (Anderson, 2007).

Open Application Programming Interfaces (API) allow a path for use of functionality of a set of modules with out having access to the source code and often does not require payment of royalties or license fees. Open APIs have assisted in the rapid development of web services and allowed the creation of data mash ups (Anderson, 2007). An example of a mash up is HousingMaps.com which combines Google Maps with CraigsList of apartments available for rent.

The key services and applications of the Web 2.0 are blogs, wikis, tagging and social bookmarking, multimedia sharing, audio blogging and podcasting, RSS and syndication and other newer Web 2.0 services. The newer Web 2.0 services consist of social networking sites, aggregation services, data mash-ups, tracking and filtering content, collaborating, and replication of office style software in the browser, and sourcing of ideas or work from the crowd.

Now that background and history as been provided on the development of what is considered Web 2.0, we will attempt to consider the issues and implications that accompany the rise of these types of services represented by the classification of Web 2.0 and specifically the implications for educational opportunities and challenges, how these problems relate to different informal areas of life, and the context of globalization on these issues.

<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">**<span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Works Cited on this Page: ** Anderson, Paul (2007 Feb.). “What is Web 2.0? Ideas, technologies and implications for education” JISC Technology & Standards Watch, 2-26.

McLeod, Julie & Vasinda, Sheri (2008 October). “Critical Literacy and Web 2.0: Exercising and Negotiating Power” Computers in Schools, Vol 25(3-4), 260-272.

O'Reilly T. (2005) "What is Web 2.0 Design Patterns and Business Models for the Next Generation of Software" accessed at []

Rosen, Dina & Nelson, Charles (2008 October), “Web 2.0: A New Generation of Learners and Education” Computers in Schools, Vol 25(3-4), 211-223. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',Helvetica,sans-serif;">